You can use the sections below to go deeper, or jump using “On this page”.
Motivation and ambivalence
Wanting to change and wanting to continue can exist at the same time. Motivational approaches are designed to explore that ambivalence without confrontation and strengthen a person's own reasons for change.
Behavioural approaches
Behavioural work can identify triggers, consequences and routines that keep a pattern going. Treatment may involve changing cues, building alternative rewards, planning for high-risk situations and strengthening supportive relationships.
CBT
CBT can be useful in some addiction pathways and is also important when anxiety, depression or other mental health problems coexist. It should not be presented as the universal answer for every substance problem; evidence and recommendations vary by condition.
Family and couples work
When safe and appropriate, involving a partner or family can help reduce conflict, improve communication and strengthen recovery supports. Family members may also need support in their own right.
What this page is anchored to
We summarise guidance in original plain English. Open the primary sources if you want to check the underlying recommendations.
Trauma-informed care
Some people with addiction have histories of trauma, but treatment should not assume trauma is always the cause. Good trauma-informed care emphasises safety, choice, collaboration and avoiding re-traumatisation.
Good treatment develops a shared formulation and practical plan: what triggers the pattern, what reinforces it, what needs to change and how progress will be measured.
This page provides general educational information and does not replace assessment or advice from a healthcare professional. If you are worried about severe withdrawal, overdose, immediate danger or a mental health emergency, use our urgent help guidance.
Frequently asked questions
No. Treatment can include motivational, cognitive-behavioural, relapse-prevention, family and other structured psychological approaches depending on the problem and the person.[NICE]
Not always. Treatment goals can vary. Some services support harm reduction or reduction goals, while particular risks or clinical circumstances may make abstinence the safer goal.
It can, but sequencing matters. A clinician should assess risk, stability and the relationship between substance use, trauma and mental health symptoms so treatment is coordinated safely.